The Ugly Duckling Lesson Plans

“The Ugly Duckling” is not a fairy tale, since there are no magical elements, and it is not a folk tale, since we know that it was written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1844. It is probably best described as a fable– that is, a story that makes a point by having non-human animals or even objects behave like humans.

In the story, a swan’s egg turns up in a duck’s nest. The foreign egg takes longer to hatch than the duck’s eggs, but eventually the baby swan is hatched out and raised along with the duck’s own offspring. The unfortunate cygnet is scorned by the ducklings for being different. He runs off and tries different parts of the farm with the same results, but at last finds his way to the pond where the swans are, and is relieved and happy to be with his own kind. He also discovers that he is not an inferior duck after all, but a perfectly good example of what he actually is: a swan.

• Jerry Pinkney has done a picture book version of The Ugly Duckling which was chosen as a Caldecott Honor book.
• Harriet Ziefert has done an easy reader version.
• Rachel Isadora has done one in her characteristic style.
• Robert Ingpen has done a beautiful one as well.
• Lorinda Bryan Cauley has done a charming retelling with witty, detailed pictures that will be great for “reading the pictures.”
• Mary Engelbreit included this story in her Nursery and Fairy Tales Collection.

You can also find the story online:

• Gilead has a long version.
• Ivyjoy has a shorter one.
• Children’sBooksOnline offers a vintage picture book version in a series of JPG files, with several different languages to choose from.

Or choose a video.

We usually like to act stories out after reading one or two versions, but you might want to be careful with this one. Some young students will be upset by being ganged up on, even in a pretend situation. Here are some links for alternatives for reenacting the story.

• Supercoloring has a duckling mask to print out.
• Instructions for making a swan puppet from paper plates
• A swan mask, also from paper plates
• A paper bag duck puppet
• A felt board including “The Ugly Duckling” with other stories.

Once the story is clear, bring in curriculum connections.

One of the interesting things about “The Ugly Duckling” is that the phrase has almost become more famous than the story. Here are a few examples that use the term in ways that go beyond Andersen’s fable:

• A lesson plan on Eleanor Roosevelt examines ideas about beauty in our culture through time.
• Callisto is known as the Ugly Duckling among heavenly bodies. Discuss whether this is a useful way to think of this moon.

Character Education

• “The Ugly Duckling” is just about the perfect story for looking at questions of kindness and fairness. The other animals are downright mean to the cygnet, they judge him on the basis of his looks, and they exclude him for being different. Since there is a happy ending, these points can be discussed with even the youngest children. Thinking about how the Ugly Duckling felt, and rewriting the story so that the other animals behaved better, can be a very good lesson to stave off bullying.
• While it is pretty clear in the story that the other animals are wrong to be so unkind to the Ugly Duckling, there is also a suggestion that the creatures are happiest with their own kind. The Ugly Duckling’s solution is to leave the ducks and stay with the swans, not to figure out ways to live happily with the ducks. Challenge kids to work out how the Ugly Duckling could have remained in the group and improved it, instead of leaving.
• One of the central ideas of the story is that the Ugly Duckling was ugly because he looked as a swan should, not as a duck should. When he grew up, he was a beautiful swan. What if he hadn’t been beautiful on the outside as a swan, either? Does inner beauty, style, or charm matter as much as (or more than) matching ideas of beauty in a culture?
• It is generally agreed that “The Ugly Duckling” was autobiographical, and expressed how Andersen felt growing up. Research Andersen’s life to see the connection. Challenge students to write an autobiographical fable of their own, about a negative feeling or experience they have had. Did reframing the feeling as a fable make it better?
• To what extent do people in your school or neighborhood reject or accept people on the basis of their appearance? A study at the University of Buffalo found that people who worry about being rejected because of their looks are more likely to be unhappy and self-conscious than those who don’t. Brainstorm ways to lessen “looks-ism” at your school, church, or other community group. Create graphic organizers or a bulletin board of the suggestions, or develop a plan. Follow through!

Science

• Ducks are birds, not mammals, so they have a different life cycle from ours. They start life as eggs. Baby ducks are called ducklings and baby swans are called cygnets. They have down, not feathers, but they can swim almost right away.  They grow into adult birds just as other babies grow into adults.
• Twinkl has a duck life cycle craft.
• They also have a swan life cycle worksheet.
• An old-school duck life cycle game brings in migration and seasons of the year.
• Match the names of baby animals with the names of the adults. Swan-cygnet, duck-duckling, chicken-chick, and cat-kitten are in the story, but students may be able to add lots more. Use a two-column graphing pocket chart for this research project, and keep it going till the chart is full.
• Seasons and life cycles are natural fits as science topics to go with this story. Birds like ducks and swans migrate seasonally, usually heading south in the autumn and back north in the spring. You might be able to watch the migratory patterns of birds as they fly over your town or as different birds show up at your bird feeder.

Critical Thinking

• Critical Thinking Company’s Critical Thinking, Book 1 includes “The Ugly Duckling” among a group of fairy tales used to practice critical thinking and questioning.